Autoimmune diseases are a complex and sometimes perplexing group of conditions in which the body’s defense mechanism targets healthy cells in error. It’s not merely about feeling sick; it’s about a disturbance of the body’s basic foundation. Rather of guarding against invaders, the immune system becomes a renegade agent attacking tissues and organs. Though the exact causes are yet unknown, research is helping to understand the factors behind this internal fight.

Autoimmune Conditions: Knowledge

Genetic Sensibility and Family Dynamics

Genetic components clearly affect autoimmune diseases. Depending on particular gene mutations or changes increasing the likelihood of contracting particular diseases, some people are more vulnerable than others. A family history of autoimmune diseases also refers to a strong genetic component, hence shared traits and inherited genes can increase risk.

Agents of Environmentalism

Many times, environmental factors initiate autoimmune responses. Viruses and diseases can trigger the immune system in sensitive people and occasionally cause accidental attack on their own tissues. Moreover, the emergence of autoimmune illnesses has been connected to environmental pollutants or dangerous substances, so underscoring the requirement of outside variables on inner health.

General impressions

A reminder of the intricate and sometimes chaotic nature of the human body are immunological diseases. It is about a structural problem affecting many aspects of health, not merely symptoms. While the reasons are yet unknown, developing reasonable treatments and preventative strategies involves on an awareness of the combination of genetic, environmental, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. This search for information finally aims to restore equilibrium to the defenses of the body.

Though we sometimes refer to “gut feelings,” the relationship between our stomach and our general health—especially our immunity—goes well beyond simple intuition. Our bodies are greatly protected against disease by our gut, which hosts trillions of bacteria sometimes referred to as the gut flora. Maintaining best health depends on an awareness of this link.

Gut Health Drives Immunity

The Gut as the Immune Hub

Ground for Immune Cell Training: The gut houses a good fraction of our immune system. Through interactions with immune cells, the gut flora “trains” them to differentiate between dangerous invaders and benign compounds.

The gut lining serves as a barrier keeping poisons and dangerous germs out of the bloodstream. A good gut flora enhances this barrier, therefore lowering the inflammation and infection risk.

The Significance of Gut Microbiota

Encouragement of good bacteria from a balanced gut flora strengthens the immune system. These bacteria generate molecules that strengthen immune system response and feed the gut lining.

Beneficial bacteria fight dangerous diseases for nutrients and create molecules that stop their spread.

Diet: A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and fibers helps to foster a good gut flora. Processed meals, sweets, and bad fats can throw off gut bacterial equilibrium.

Chronic stress can compromise immune system strength and affect intestinal health.

Although occasionally required, antibiotics might throw off the gut flora and hence compromise immunity.

Concluding thoughts

Unquestionably, immunity and intestinal health are related. Our immune defenses will be much enhanced by tending to our gut flora via a good diet, stress management, and careful antibiotic use. Therefore, considering our diet and stress management techniques helps not only to prevent stomach problems but also supports our general health and strengthens our immune system.

Our busy and hectic schedule necessitates us to maintain a healthy and strong immune system. As we look in the market today, lot of supplements are claiming to boost immunity, yet looking for the most useful one is challenging. Supported by scientific studies and professional advice, this blog article will investigate certain immune system supplements that prove successful.

Vitamin C: Its Nutritional Value

Renowned for its immune-boosting qualities is vitamin C. It boosts the synthesis of white blood cells, which are crucial for combat of infections. It also serves as an antioxidant, shielding cells from harm done by free radicals.

How to Use It

Bell peppers, strawberries, and oranges are among the fruits and vegetables high in vitamin C. Those who would rather take supplements can get them in chewables, pills, and powders. Usually advised to promote immunological health is a daily dose of 500–1000 mg.

Zinc: The Fighting Infection Agent

A good immune system depends on zinc in great part. It has been demonstrated to shorten the length and intensity of common colds as well as enable immune cells be produced and functioned upon.

How to Take It

One can get zinc from lozenges, pills, and capsules as well as from other forms. Adults should aim for a daily intake of about 8–11 mg. Among foods high in zinc are beef, seafood, and legumes.

Elderberry: The Organic Cure

One old cure with antiviral qualities is elderberry. By increasing immune response, studies have demonstrated how it might help shorten the length and intensity of cold and flu symptoms.

How to Take It

There are syrups, sweets, and capsules for elderberry supplements. Following the dosage guidelines on the product label is crucial since too much ingestion could cause side effects.

Final Thought

Maintaining health and resilience depends on you strengthening your immune system. Among the most powerful supplements for strengthening immunity are vitamin C, zinc, and elderberries; each has special advantages. These vitamins will help your body strengthen its natural defenses and improve your general condition. Before beginning any new supplement program, be careful to see a healthcare provider to be sure it fits your particular medical requirement.

The natural body cells, including the tissues and organs, protect your body from pathogens, bacteria, viruses, and other invaders. Your health and welfare depend on this complex system.

The Component of the Immune System

Here are the different types of immunity that comprise the body’s immune system:

Natural Defense

The first level of protection your body employs is innate immunity. It covers immune cells that react rapidly to invaders and physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes. This reaction is non-specific, so it targets any foreign molecule that crosses these barriers.

Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive immunity is more specialized and involves the synthesis of antibodies by B cells and the action of T cells. Long-lasting protection comes from this mechanism, which remembers earlier attackers and launches a more forceful attack should they return.

Strengthening Your Immune System

A healthy lifestyle supports the immune system. A balanced diet, consistent exercise, appropriate sleep, and stress management partly produce a strong immune response. Vaccines also greatly help the immune system be ready to battle particular infections.

Last Thought

Your body wards off diseases through the protection of the immune system. Understanding its elements and acting to support it can help you improve your general resilience against diseases and general state of health. Adopt a good lifestyle to maintain the best possible condition of your immune system and take advantage of a robust, competent defense mechanism.

Usually undervalued, sleep is quite crucial for maintaining a good immune system. While we sleep, our bodies undergo a sequence of restorative activities required for optimum health.

The Critical Link Between Sleep and Immunity

The Immunological Boosting Power of Sleep

As we sleep, our bodies produce cytokines, proteins regulating immune response. Enough sleep promotes optimal cytokine synthesis, thereby allowing our immune system to effectively fight off diseases.

Fighting diseases calls for antibodies in production. Lack of sleep can lower the production of antibodies, thereby raising our susceptibility to diseases.

Sleep is the time our cells recover and regenerate back-up. This technique allows one to keep a good immune system.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Insufficient sleep over time could adversely impair our immune system. Our body most likely lack sufficient sleep causes when we:

1. Insufficient of sleep affects our immune systems making it vulnerable to flu, colds, and other diseases.
2. Healing of delayed injuries: Tissue restoration depends on sleep; absence of sleep could thereby impede the healing process.
3. Extended sleep deprivation can lead to chronic inflammation linked to several disorders.

Making Sleep Top Priority for Optimal Health

If one wishes optimal immune function, one must give sleep first priority. Try for seven to nine hours every night in quality sleep. Create a peaceful nighttime ritual, enhance your bedroom environment, and cut screen time before bed. Giving sleep first attention will enable you to make investments in your general well-being.

Your body’s first protection against disease is a robust immune system. You can naturally increase your immunity by following some actions even though there is no miracle pill. 

Essential Advice for an Enhanced Immune System

Nourish your Body

A balanced diet heavy in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains includes essential vitamins and minerals that support immune system performance. Consider include in your meals citrus fruits, berries, garlic, and spinach. 

Give Sleep First Priority

Good immune system depends on enough sleep. Every night try to get 7 to 9 hours of great sleep so your body may relax and heal. 

Maintaining Hydration

• Drinking lots of water keeps your body hydrated, this is important for immunological function, and helps eliminate toxins. 
• Long-term stress can compromise immunity. To help you control your stress, practice deep breathing, yoga, or meditation. 

Regular Workout

Frequent exercise improves the immune system and helps to reduce inflammation. Try minimum thirty minutes of moderate-intensity activity most days of the week.

Keep Immunized

Among the best strategies for avoiding infectious diseases is definitely vaccination. Keep current on advised vaccines.

End Statement

Adopting these easy yet powerful techniques can help you to take charge of your health and boost immunity. Recall, your best line of protection against disease is a robust immune system.

The crippling disease known as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), sometimes referred to as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), is defined by ongoing tiredness for which no underlying medical ailment can be found. Although the precise origin of CFS is still unknown, studies point to the immune system’s major involvement in its development and course.

The Immune System’s Part in CFS

Studies of people with CFS have revealed that their immune systems commonly show anomalies. These deviations could include:

Increased Inflammation

CFS sufferers may have raised levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein and cytokines. Among other symptoms, chronic inflammation can cause muscle soreness and exhaustion.

Irregularity in Immune Cell Function

In CFS, T cells, B cells, and other immune cells may not operate as they should. This can compromise the body’s capacity for general health maintenance and infection fighting.

Autoimmune Activity

According to several studies, CFS might be related to autoimmune processes—where the immune system targets healthy cells—whereby error.

The Relationship between CFS Symptoms and Immune System

The dysfunctions in the immune system seen in CFS can help explain a range of symptoms including:

Cognitive Challenges

Many times, CFS sufferers have “brain fog,” trouble focusing, and memory issues. These cognitive problems could have something to do with brain inflammation and immune system malfunction.

Muscle Discomfort

Common CFS symptoms include soreness and discomfort in muscles. These symptoms can be related to muscular inflammation and immune system anomalies.

Final Thoughts

Although the precise link between the immune system and CFS is still under study, it is abundantly evident that this complicated disease is caused in great part by this system. Knowing how the immune system contributes to CFS would enable scientists to create more successful treatments and raise the quality of life for people with this illness.

You might be surprised to learn that your environment has a major impact on your immune system. To a large extent, your immunological health is determined by your environment.

Environmental Factors Affecting the Enviroment

See below:

1-Toxins and Pollution

Your immune system can be severely compromised by air pollution, which is most commonly caused by pollutants from vehicles and factories. These dangerous particles can lower your immune system’s effectiveness and cause inflammation. Another factor that can lower your defenses is being exposed to pollutants at home and at work.

2-Your Microbiome

The microbiome is the collection of billions of bacteria that call your digestive tract home. The immune system relies on this ecology. Diet, antibiotics, and stress are just a few of the things that can upset the delicate balance of gut bacteria, which can weaken your immunity.

3-The Impact of Mother Nature

One study found that people whose immune systems were stronger also spent more time in green areas. Vitamin D, which is crucial for a healthy immune system, can be produced by the skin when exposed to sunshine. Your immune system can be better prepared to deal with dangers if you expose yourself to the wide variety of bacteria found in nature.

4-Sleep and Stress

The immune system is infamously weakened by chronic stress and insufficient sleep. These contemporary evils make it easier for diseases and infections to spread throughout your body.

One Last Thought

Finally, factors outside your control have a significant impact on your immune system. You can cultivate an environment that promotes a robust immune system by intentionally selecting your environment, lifestyle, and behaviors.

Everyone is aware of the value of a solid defense, and everyone of us has an incredible immune system working for us. This intricate network, however, is responsible for much more than just warding off colds. Take a look at your immune system and its amazing workings:

A Powerful Alliance of Multiple Troops

Leave no defense unattended! You have a varied army of immune cells in your body. Phagocytes, similar to white blood cells, engulf foreign bodies. Lymphocytes, both B and T, function like special forces in that they produce antibodies to fight off particular dangers. We are all working together on this!

A Microbe’s Recollection Lane

Can you explain the low frequency of recurrence of the same cold? The immune system remembers past infections! When it comes into contact with a disease (germ), it builds a blueprint to identify and eradicate it in the future. Our immunity is derived from this.

Why I’m Running a Fever?

Put that temperature thermometer out of your mind! Your immune system is stepping up its game as your core temperature rises. The growth of many bacteria is hindered in this hostile environment, which speeds up the recuperation process.

Its Relation to Laughter

Experiencing tension? It turns out that laughter really is the best medicine! Scientific research has shown that laughing can actually strengthen your immune system by increasing the generation of cells that fight off infections.

Finding the Right Balance

Having a well-regulated immune system is just as important as having a robust one. Autoimmune illnesses, such as lupus or allergies, occur when the immune system erroneously targets healthy cells.

Conclusion

Intricate cell specialization and finely tuned immune response make up the human immune system, a natural wonder. When we know how it works, we can assist our incredible internal guardian and maintain our health by our choices.

Living on the edge when your immune system isn’t working right can be excruciating. You may not be able to prevent every illness, but there are significant measures you can take. To help you stay strong and healthy, here is a strategy to follow.

Your Power Is in Your Personal Hygiene Routine

The most basic and obvious technique to prevent the spread of germs is to wash your hands frequently. After going to the bathroom, before eating, or after being in a public place, make sure to wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

Surfaces That Get Lots of Touch

Unexpectedly high concentrations of germs have been found in commonplace objects such as doorknobs, light switches, and even your phone. Use disinfectant wipes or sprays to wipe them down on a regular basis.

Achieve Mastery in Social Distancing: Stay Away From People When They’re Sickest

Is it flu and cold season? Huge get-togethers? Think about gracefully turning down invitations or choosing virtual friendships instead.

Keep Your Physical Distancing

If you must be in close proximity to other people, do it at a minimum of six feet. That way, you won’t have to worry as much about breathing in virus-laden respiratory droplets.

Get the Energy You Need, Strengthen Your Immune System

Sample a Variety of Foods

The best way to maintain a healthy immune system is to eat a varied, healthy diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Think About Topping Off

For more guidance, consult your physician regarding the possibility of taking vitamin D or zinc supplements.

Get Plenty of Sleep and Deal With Stress

Make Time for Sleep

Strive for a solid seven to eight hours of sleep nightly. Your immunological response can be compromised by not getting enough sleep.

Medieval students besieged a castle. Like the body’s inherent defenses, the outer wall deters attackers. Instead, see the adaptive immune system as a castle’s well-trained soldiers ready to combat familiar enemies.

Human Body’s Basic Defense

Two types of human’s internal defense system:

Natural Immunity

Every person’s innate immune system defends against pathogens like bacteria and viruses from birth. Innate defenses include skin, mucous membranes, and inflammation. The good news is that phagocytes can eat hazardous germs. Imagine them as alert knights in gleaming armor, searching the land for danger.

Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system attacks specific infections, unlike the innate one. This is like how the military trained to recognize hostile combatants.

Unique Cell Types: B and T Lymphocytes

These key players support the adaptive immune system.

• B Lymphocytes

B cells manufacture directed missiles that kill dangerous microorganisms with their antibodies.

• T Lymphocytes

T cells can regulate the immune response or attack contaminated cells.

Immune System Protection: A Foundation for Future Defenses

The adaptive immune system recalls threats it eliminated. This allows for a stronger and faster reaction if the virus returns. Vaccination is based on this.

Final Thoughts

In conclusion, innate and adaptive immunity keep us healthy. Unlike the innate system’s rapid protection, the adaptive system provides a more targeted and long-lasting reaction. These two systems help explain our body’s amazing defense mechanisms’ complexity and potency.

As our body’s unceasing guardian, the immune system fights off infections and maintains our health. But what happens if this barrier becomes less robust? A weakened immune system might make you more vulnerable to infections and make it more difficult for your body to fight them off. 

Recurrent Infections: An Alarming Sign 

Being sick more frequently than usual is one of the most definitive indicators of a weakened immune system. Frequent colds, sinus infections, ear infections, and even more dangerous diseases like pneumonia may fall into this category. In addition, the infections could be more severe or persist longer than in an individual with a healthy immune system.

Other Cautionary Indications 

Although infections are a prominent indicator, there are additional warning indicators to be aware of: 

1-Slow Healing Wounds

Do cuts, scrapes, or other wounds heal considerably more slowly than usual? This may indicate that your body’s natural healing systems are having difficulty. 

2-Fatigue

Constantly feeling exhausted and worn out, even after getting a whole night’s sleep, may indicate that your immune system is overburdened in an attempt to fend off an infection. 

3-Digestive Problems

A significant amount of our immune system resides in our gut. Regular constipation, diarrhea, or bloating may be signs of dysbiosis in your gut flora, which may compromise your immune system.

One Last Thought

Pay attention to the symptoms and get help from a physician. 

If you are exhibiting many symptoms, seeking advice from a healthcare expert is imperative. They can evaluate your symptoms, conduct examinations, and find any underlying illnesses that may be interfering with your immune system. Restoring your immune system to normal requires early diagnosis and therapy.

Filipino cuisines, like vibrant tinola and spicy adobo, may boost the immune system. Our garden has vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Therefore, medications are unnecessary. Try these excellent “superfoods” that are easy to find and incorporate into your diet: 

Vitamin C-Rich Subtle Papaya 

Papaya is the leader in vitamin C, with over 200% of the RDA. This immune-boosting champion fights free radicals and boosts collagen synthesis to keep your skin healthy and your defenses strong. 

The Golden Touch of Turmeric: Anti-Inflammatory Power 

Turmeric’s vivid yellow hue comes from curcumin, a potent anti-inflammatory chemical. It can treat many ailments due to its anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties. 

Ginger: A Tasty Fighter 

This root vegetable is tasty and immune boosting. Ginger is good against influenza and colds due to its anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. 

Searching for Big Three Alternatives 

Still more! Filipino cuisine is full of immune-boosting ingredients. Leafy greens like kangkong and malunggay contain vitamins K and A, vital for health, whereas guava and kalamansi contain vitamin C. 

These naturally beneficial nutrients and a healthy lifestyle are the keys to a robust immune system. Get enough sleep, manage stress, and stay active to be healthy. Explore Filipino cuisine to get healthier and stronger! 

Strong immunity is your body’s primary barrier against illness and infection. A healthy, well-balanced diet may maintain and increase immunity, but pills cannot. This essay discusses the top immune-boosting meals to keep you healthy and happy.

Fruits with Citrus

Vitamin C-rich citrus fruits include oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. Vitamin C is an immune-boosting antioxidant. Vitamin C boosts white blood cell production, which fights infections.

Garlic

Garlic flavors food naturally and boosts immunity. Allicin destroys bacteria well. Regular garlic consumption reduces cold and flu severity and duration.

Yogurt Milk

Probiotics in yogurt and other fermented foods enhance the immune system by keeping the gut healthy. A healthy gut bacterium can combat infections and minimize swelling.

Green Leafy Foods like Spinach

Antioxidants and vitamins C and E in spinach and other leafy greens support the neurological system. They also include lots of fiber, which keeps your gut healthy.

Berries

Blueberries, strawberries, and blackberries are antioxidant rich. These promote cell health and reduce chronic illness risk. They also provide immune-boosting vitamins and proteins.

Conclusion

Keep your immune system strong for overall wellness. Garlic, yogurt, fresh greens, berries, and citrus fruits are pleasant and healthy immune-boosting foods to eat daily. Remember that a good diet, frequent exercise, and proper sleep boost your immune system. These simple food modifications can enhance your health and prevent illness. Starting with your next meal, increase your immunity now.

Consistent stress can impair the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and illnesses. Prolonged stress releases stress hormones, which can suppress the immune response. Lack of sleep and poor sleep quality also negatively impact the immune system, as sleep is crucial for the body to regenerate and restore immune cells.

Factors Can Weaken the Immune System

Here are the three factors that can weaken the immune system:

Chronic Stress

Prolonged periods of stress can weaken the immune system. Stress hormones like cortisol can suppress immune function, making the body more susceptible to infections and diseases.

Inadequate Sleep

Lack of quality sleep or insufficient sleep can weaken the immune system. Lack of sleep weakens our immune response and makes us more prone to illness.

Unhealthy Lifestyle Choices

Engaging in unhealthy habits such as smoking, excessive drinking, and lack of physical activity can harm your immune system. Smoking damages the respiratory system and impairs immune function. Excessive alcohol consumption can disrupt immune responses and harm the body’s ability to fight infections.

Addressing these factors and making lifestyle choices that support a robust immune system is essential. Managing stress, prioritizing quality sleep, and adopting a healthy lifestyle can help maintain optimal immune function.

The immune system is the body’s personal army that fights off sickness and disease. It is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to identify and eliminate harmful invaders such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These warriors of wellness are always on high alert, constantly scanning the body for foreign pathogens and launching an attack when needed.

Several Ways on How Immune System Keeps Us Safe

The immune system keeps us safe in several ways, including:

Identifying and Destroying Pathogens

The immune system’s primary function is to identify and destroy pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It uses various mechanisms such as antibodies, white blood cells, and cytokines to neutralize and eliminate these harmful invaders.

Preventing Infections

The immune system works to prevent infections by acting as a barrier against pathogens. It does this by producing mucus, which traps foreign particles, and acids, which can kill bacteria and viruses.

Resisting Illnesses

A strong immune system can resist illnesses by quickly recognizing and attacking pathogens that have breached the body’s defenses. People with healthy immune systems often experience milder symptoms of sickness or recover quicker than those with weakened immune systems.

Identifying and Destroying Abnormal Cells

In addition to attacking pathogens, the immune system also identifies and eliminates abnormal cells such as cancer cells.

Immune cells age, like all of the other cells in our body. They gradually lose their ability to fight off illness including cancer, infection, and disease.

Cellular senescence or deterioration of cells to grow and divide was formerly assumed to be an inevitable result of common infection and aging. However, a study published last 2022 September 15  in Nature Cell Biology raises the possibility that the rate at which T cells deplete may be influenced by an early contact between T cells and antigen presentation cells (APCs) in the immune response to viruses.

Telomeres’ Role and Purpose 

Chromosomes’ telomeres, are lengthy, repeating DNA sequences that guard against wearing out. With each cell division, aging cells’ telomeres become progressively shorter until eventually they are unable to divide. According to a recent study, T cells, the white blood cells that fight viruses, receive their telomeres from APCs, the cells that initially trigger their immune response by presenting them with a foreign antigen, after infection.

Prolonged Cellular Life Through APC’s Telomeres

According to earlier research from other teams, T cells that are more stem cell-like have a longer lifespan than those that have undergone differentiation. The findings imply that when T cells receive telomeres from APCs, some T cells’ fate—whether they develop senescence or not—is predetermined. This implies that some T cells have their fates predetermined even before the immune response has begun. According to an immunologist Lanna, “that goes against immune senescence dogma.”

Infections are fought off by the immune system. We get sick occasionally even though our immune system usually does a good job of protecting us. Is there anything we can do to strengthen our resistance to disease? The truth is revealed to us.

Maintaining Immune System

• The immune response is the body’s defense mechanism against harmful pathogens and disease. It consists of a network of specialized cells, organs, enzymes, and organs.
• Our immune system finds and destroys germs, parasites, and viruses when it works properly. There are two main branches of our immune system: innate and adaptive.
• An individual’s innate immunity is their primary line of defense against disease. When our bodies detect an illness, our inherent response kicks into high gear. It creating more mucus and raising our body temperature to try to drive out the invader.
• The adaptive system takes 5–10 days to recognize and develop enough antibodies to defeat an intruder. The innate system limits pathogen growth at such time.

Summary

The immune response is an intricate mechanism, yet one that must be functioning properly to ensure survival. An attack is launched by the body against foreign pathogens such as a disease or a shard in the finger. Some immunity is present at birth, and it can be further strengthened by exposure to a disease or by receiving a vaccination.

Three separate clinical trials published in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2021 found that 48 children with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) who accepted a corrected gene delivered by a virus have functioning immune systems after two to three years of receiving the treatment.

What is SCID?

SCID, often referred to as bubble baby or bubble boy  disease, is brought on by genetic changes in the ADA gene, which produces the immune system’s adenosine deaminase enzyme. These mutations stop the immune system from developing normally, and patients typically pass away within one to two years of birth. The condition has been treated with bone marrow transplants, although the process is risky and not always possible with qualified donors. Antibodies and antibiotics are frequently administered twice weekly as a stop-gap measure, while gene treatments promise to address the underlying cause of the issue.

How Gene therapy is done

Among 50 infants and toddlers with SCID caused by ADA mutations, a gene therapy was explored in three separate Phase 1/2 trials,  one in the UK and two in the US (ADA-SCID). Before injecting the cells back into the kids, the researchers took blood cells from the patients and tweaked a lentivirus to transport a healthy version of ADA. 48 of the patients have immune systems that can successfully combat invasive infections, such as COVID-19, two to three years later.